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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Hepatology&lt;/i&gt;, 2015, 64 (9), pp.1466-75. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306604"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306604&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
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                <term xml:lang="en">IMMUNOLOGY IN HEPATOLOGY</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">INFLAMMATION</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">INTERLEUKINS</term>
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              <p>OBJECTIVE:Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, first discovered based on its peculiar expression by virus-transformed T cells. IL-26 is overexpressed in chronic inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease) and induces proinflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells and some epithelial cells. We thus investigated the expression and potential role of IL-26 in chronic HCV infection, a pathology associated with chronic inflammation.DESIGN:IL-26 was quantified in a cohort of chronically HCV-infected patients, naive of treatment and its expression in the liver biopsies investigated by immunohistochemistry. We also analysed the ability of IL-26 to modulate the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which control HCV infection.RESULTS:The serum levels of IL-26 are enhanced in chronically HCV-infected patients, mainly in those with severe liver inflammation. Immunohistochemistry reveals an intense IL-26 staining in liver lesions, mainly in infiltrating CD3+ cells. We also show that NK cells from healthy subjects and from HCV-infected patients are sensitive to IL-26. IL-26 upregulates membrane tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression on CD16- CD56(bright) NK cells, enabling them to kill HCV-infected hepatoma cells, with the same efficacy as interferon (IFN)-α-treated NK cells. IL-26 also induces the expression of the antiviral cytokines IFN-β and IFN-γ, and of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α by NK cells.CONCLUSIONS:This study highlights IL-26 as a new player in the inflammatory and antiviral immune responses associated with chronic HCV infection.</p>
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